在线翻译

14 economic and technical indicators 14.1 Analysis of Structure Project 1, the design of building structures should pay attention to the selection of the structure, structural calculations and structural construct, selected according to the requirements of the construction features of the structure of security applicable, reasonable economy, ease of construction. 2, civil structural design shall also comply with building fire protection design (gb16-87), the requirements of the relevant provisions of the fire resistance rating should be based on the building, combustibility and fire resistance, the correct choice of the structure and components of fire prevention and fire resistance measures such as the protective layer of concrete. Among them, the seismic design requirements should be fully taken into account in the structural design requirements are as follows: Fortification criterion: the seismic intensity of 6 degrees and areas of civil, the need for seismic design. Building shape and stiffness: (1) flat shape of the building and the layout of the lateral force resisting members should be simple, regular, symmetrical. (2) the shape of the facade of the building and its layout of the lateral force resisting members should be simple rules of symmetry, the lateral stiffness and the horizontal bearing capacity of the structure along the highly uniform change, bottom-up gradually decreased to avoid mutations. Structure system: (1) should be able to develop a clear flat space calculation diagram. (2) should have a reasonable, directly or basic direct load transfer. (3) should avoid the weak link in the destruction of a few fragile components or nodes and cause the entire structure of power transmission line interruption. (4) should have sufficient lateral stiffness, a strong horizontal bearing capacity, good deformation ability can absorb seismic energy dissipation more. (5) the shear and bending components of the multi-line of defense and dual structural system. (6) along the structure plane and the vertical, the lateral force component should have a reasonable stiffness and bearing capacity of distribution, to avoid the formation of a weak hug layer or weak parts local weaken or mutation, resulting in large stress concentration or plastic deformation concentrated. Structure in the vertical,Cross the two principal axes of the dynamic characteristics should be similar. 14.1.2 The design of structural components: Reinforced concrete frame design should comply with the guidelines of the semi-finals, four of weak ". (1) strong node weak rod - rod failure before node destruction. (2) strong column and weak beam - beam end to destruction before the end-column destruction. (3) strong shear weak bending - beams of flexural failure prior to shear failure. (4) Forced weak pull - the beam and column section of the yield of the tension zone of reinforced first in the tensile zone of concrete crushing. (5) have a seismic effect combinations, only the gravity loads may consider a reinforced concrete beam end moment design value AM. (6) used to ensure that the structure has sufficient ductility, high strength concrete strength grade of 8,9 degrees should be, respectively, not more than C70 and c60, and the constructor should be consistent with the provisions of the "anti-regulation" in Appendix b. 14.1.3 structure selection: (1) a system of reinforced concrete cast-in-place frame structure (horizontal load-bearing framework). (2) The staircase structure: reinforced concrete beams stairs. (3) of the lintel: door lintels are made of reinforced concrete and the longitudinal frame beam doubles as a window lintel. (4) basic: single foundation under column. 14.1.4 structure layout: Deformation joint set:As far as possible to adjust the plane size and structural arrangement design to take the necessary structural measures and construction measures, no deformation joints (seismic seam, settlement 更多：https://www.bmcx.com/ , expansion joints) no joints, less joints less joints. Must joints should be to guarantee the necessary slit width, in order to avoid collision damage. This design is no deformation joint. Seismic design of buildings should be set in the following cases Seismic Joint: flat length and overhang length dimension beyond the specification limits and did not take to strengthen measures; stiffness of various parts of disparities, take different materials and structural systems; the quality of the various parts of a big difference; each part of a larger split-level.Seismic Joint Seismic Joint as a settlement joint, should be above ground along the full height settings, the basis need not be a shock seam. Seismic Joint shall be arranged on both sides of the load-bearing framework. This design does not set the Seismic Joint Frame structure should be used bi-directional rigid pillars lateral force resisting structural system (ie, longitudinal, lateral shall be provided with rigid frame), respectively, to withstand the horizontal seismic vertical and horizontal in both directions. Load-bearing framework (ie, under the framework of the vertical load) layout program (ie, horizontal load-bearing vertical load-bearing, vertical and horizontal load-bearing programs), depends on the building (house) cap structure (one-way plate or two-way plate ribbed floor, prefabricated ribbed floor,Prefabricated precast concrete panel cover, etc.). Have a larger load on the role of the floor surface or floor surface holes, or when the column grid layout is square or nearly square, often mixed load-bearing vertical and horizontal framework program. The form and shape of the floor structure should meet the needs of the use of the housing function and architecture modeling, the reasonable control of the net height of the floor. When the layout of the floor structure, should pay attention to the following issues: floor grillage layout should seek to regular beam system as much as possible through continuous, thickness and size of the beam section as much as possible unified; around the large holes, lightweight partition should continue to set the beam to avoid direct anti-set on the floor and heavy equipment;Cast stairs plate stairs may be used (When stairs paragraph level projection length less than 3 meters) or beam stairs. 14.2 building program analysis This program to meet the requirements of the total building area to meet the requirements, reasonable room layout, building the overall layout rules. The architectural design for the four-story, able to meet the requirements, the overall rules and tidy, there is no prominent part, less prone to stress concentration, the structure of reasonable force, land utilization, the actual economy.

14. analysis of economic and technical indicators 14.1 analysis of structure project 1, building design should pay attention to selection, structure calculation of structure and structure, selected according to requirements of architectural features of security applicable, economical, easy construction of structural programmes. 2 should be consistent with the fire protection design of buildings, civil structures design specification (GB16-87) requests to the relevant provisions, should be based on combustion performance of building fire resistance rating, and fire resistance, correct choice fire and fire resistance of structures and components measures such as concrete cover thickness and so on. , Seismic design requirements in design of structure, should be given full consideration, requirements are as follows: Security standards: seismic fortification intensity of 6 degrees and above the area of civil construction, seismic design must be made. Architectural shape and stiffness: (1) building plane shape and lateral elements layout should be simple, rules, symmetry. (2) lateral facade of the building shape and its anti-Member rules of layout should be simple, symmetric, horizontal bearing capacity of lateral rigidity of the structure and evenly along the height change, from the diminishing, and avoid catastrophe. Structure: (1) should be able to devise a specific plane or space calculation diagram. (2) should have a reasonable, direct or direct transmission means. (3) should avoid a few fragile components, or nodes of weak links, such as disruption of transmission line caused by the destruction of the entire structure. (4) should have a sufficient level of lateral stiffness, strong, good bearing capacity of large deformation capacity and energy absorption and dissipation of energy. (5) suitable for use with multiple lines of Defense of shear and bending-type widget and the double structure. (6) along the structure plane and the vertical, lateral stiffness and strength of the elements should be a reasonable distribution, avoiding partial weakening or weak mutation form a weak arm or parts, had a lot of stress concentration or concentration of plastic deformation. Vertical structure,Horizontal dynamic characteristics of the two major axes should be similar. 14.1.2 design of structural elements: Design of reinforced concrete frame should be in line with "four, four weak" guidelines. (1) strong weak Rod-Rod failure of nodes in node failure. (2) strong column-weak beam end beam damage before the column damage. (3) weak strong shear-bending flexural failure in shear failure of beam-column connections. (4) put down by force weak-beam and column sections reinforced bar of yield in the tension zone of crushed concrete. (5) when there is a combination of seismic effect only under the action of gravity load considering amplitude value design of reinforced concrete beam bending moment. (6) to ensure that the structure of sufficient ductility, strength of high strength concrete used, 8, 9 times respectively up to C70 and C60, but in terms of structure shall comply with the requirements of Appendix b of the regulation of anti-. 14.1.3 structural type selection: (1) use of cast reinforced concrete frame structure (lateral load-bearing framework) system. (2) stair structure: reinforced concrete beam using the stairs. (3) beams: door beams are made of reinforced concrete 更多：https://www.bmcx.com/ , and the use of longitudinal frame beam and lintel for Windows. (4): the use of single Foundation under column. 14.1.4 arrangement: Deformation joint setting:Should adjust the graphic size and structure layout as much as possible in the design and construction of structural measures and measures to take the necessary, no deformation of joints (settlement joints, expansion joints seismic joints,) without joints, less less joints joints. When you must seam width of the joints should be guaranteed the necessary to avoid collision damage. Make an expansion joint design. Building seismic design of earthquake preparedness joints should be set in the following cases: any length and size of extended length exceeds the limits of the specification without strengthening measures; some of the stiffness of the great disparity between what, when different materials and different structures; the quality difference is large part; sections when there is a large split-level.When when the earthquake as settlement of joint seam, shock-proof joints should be set above the Earth along the full height, without setting the basis for the earthquake prevention gap. Layout load-bearing framework of shock-proof joints on both sides. This design does not set shock-proof joints. Frames using bi-directional lateral resistance of rigid connection of beam-column structure system (that is, both vertical and horizontal connection framework should be set), subjected to horizontal seismic action of vertical and horizontal two directions respectively. Load-bearing frame (the frame subjected to vertical loads) layout (horizontal load-bearing, vertical load, vertical and horizontal load-bearing), depending on the floor (House) roof forms (one-way or two-way ribbed slab, plate Assembly overall-ribbed floor,Precast slabs). When a greater load on the floor, or on the floor has a large open hole, or when column arrangement for square or nearly square,, often using vertical and horizontal hybrid bearing the framework programme. Floor structure forms and model should meet the needs of housing using functional and architectural modeling, control net height of floors. When the layout of the floor structure, should be aware of the following issues: the floor layout of gailiangge should strive to achieve a regular, continuous beam system as much as possible through, beam section dimensions and thickness as uniform as possible; around the larger hole, and heavy equipment under non-light partition should be located under beams, avoids direct anti-reset on the floor;Cast stair plate stairs can be used (when the flight when the horizontal projection within 3 meters in length) or beam staircases. 14.2 analysis of architectural plan This programme meet the functional requirements, total construction area of compliance requirements, reasonable room layout, building layout rules as a whole. The architectural design is a four-layer, to meet the requirements and rules as a whole, and no prominent part, less prone to stress concentration, structure reasonable, land utilization, actual economic high.

14. The economic and technical index analysis 1 structure scheme analysis, building structure design should attach importance to the structure of the selection, structure calculation and structure, according to the requirements of the building function selection is safe, reasonable economy, facilitating construction structure scheme. 2,Civil building design there should be in line with the code for fire protection design of building (GB16-87) of the requirements of the relevant provisions, should be based on the architectural fireproof grade, combustion performance and refractory limit, to choose the right structure and component of fire and fire resistance measures, such as concrete cover depth, etc. among them,Seismic design requirements in the structure design, should be fully consideration, requirement as follows: fortification criteria: seismic fortification intensity for 6 degrees or above the region civil building, must undertake aseismatic design. architecture form and stiffness: (1) building and shape of the plane resist lateral force component decorates appropriate simple, rules,Symmetrical. (2) and shape the facade resist lateral force component decorates appropriate simple rules, symmetry and the structure of the lateral stiffness and highly uniform variation along the horizontal bearing capacity, bottom-up reduce gradually, avoid mutations. structure system: (1) should be able to lay out a clear plane or spatial calculation diagram. (2) should have a reasonable, direct or basic direct power transmission way. (3) should avoid a few weak components or the destruction of the weak link node, and lead to the entire structure power transmission line breaks. (4) should have enough lateral stiffness, strong horizontal bearing capacity, good deformation ability,Can absorb and dissipation of energy more earthquakes. (5) appropriate USES is the shear line of defence and bending type of component and dual structure system. (6) along the horizontal and vertical structure, each resist lateral force components with reasonable stiffness and appropriate capacity distribution,Avoid because local weaken or mutations form weak fell layer or weak positions, produce too much stress concentration or plastic deformation concentration. Structure in the longitudinal and lateral two dynamic characteristic of the major axis should be similar. 14.1.2 structure component design: reinforced concrete frame design should comply with the "four, four weak" standards. (1) strong node weak stem a-make stem a failure before node damage. (2) strong column weak beam, the damage to the girder ends before column damage. (3) strong cut weak-make the bending beams flexural failure before shear failure. (4) crush weak pull-make beams,The column section in the tension zone of the yield of reinforced concrete in the tension zone before the crush. (5) the earthquake effect combination, only gravity loads can consider reinforced concrete girder bending moment design values in an am. (6) to ensure that the ductility of the structure is enough, adoption of high strength concrete strength grade of 8,9 degrees were not more than up-to-date C70 and C60, and in the constitution should comply with the "resistance rules" appendix B rules. 14.1.3 structure selection: (1) with the cast-in-situ reinforced concrete frame structure (horizontal bearing framework) system. (2) the stairway structure: the reinforced concrete beam type stair. (3) columns:Gate lintel is using reinforced concrete 更多：https://www.bmcx.com/ , and the longitudinal frame beams and columns for window. (4) foundation: the under column independent foundation. 14.1.4 structure layout: distortion seam Settings: design should as far as possible size and structure adjustment plane layout, take the necessary structural measures and construction measures,Can do not set distortion seam (seismic sewing, settlement joints, expansion joints) do not set the seam, and a little less can sew a seam. When must set seam should guarantee the necessary seam width to avoid a collision damage. This design do not set distortion seam. seismic design of buildings in the following circumstances appropriate setting shockproof stitching:The length and the length of the plane reaches beyond the standard size limit and not take measures; Each part of the difference between stiffness, take different materials and different structure system; The quality of each part is great; Each part have a big mistake when layer. When shock seam not as settlement joints,Shockproof seam should be above the earth in the whole set along the high, and the basic need not set shockproof seam. Both sides should be decorated seam shockproof bearing framework. This design do not set up the shock seam. frame structure should use two-way just answer the LiangZhuKang lateral force structure system (i.e., transverse and longitudinal all should set just answer frame),To inherit and vertical and horizontal two direction respectively the horizontal earthquake effect. And bearing framework (namely the vertical load under the framework) arranging scheme (i.e. horizontal and vertical bearing, and vertical and horizontal bearing bearing solutions), depends on the floor (house) cover structure form (ChanXiangBan or two-way board rib, assembly and rib shape floor shape floor,Prefabricated floor, etc.). When on the floor has a larger role load, or floor there is great open hole, or when the column grid layout for a square or close to a square, and is often used to frame mixed bearing scheme. floor structure of the form and shape should satisfy the use function of the houses and buildings and modelling the need,The reasonable control of the net floor height. Floor structure layout, attention shall be paid to the following questions: floor of grillage decorate should strive to neat, as far as possible breakthrough in continuous beam, plate thickness and beam section size unity as far as possible; In the big holes around, the light quality partition wall and heavy equipment under the still should set beam,Avoid direct buy is in on the floor; Cast-in-situ stair can use board type stair (when the stairs section 3 meters in length level umbriferous within) or beam type stair. building scheme analysis this solution meet the use function requirements, total construction area is accord with the request, the room layout is reasonable, building general layout rules.The architecture design for four layers, can meet the application requirements, and the overall rules tidy, no prominent part, do not appear to stress concentration, the structure stress is reasonable, land utilization rate is high, the actual economic high.

最新翻译： How are you today is when convenie，he want so badly considered cool t，min. Holesize 0,3 mm，paste，亲爱的，我知道是错了，生不生气呢? ，没有你我的生活好沦陷，my mother mdde me a deal，you cannot paste here because the ，my mother mded me a deal，my mother maed me a deal，my mother made me a deal，亲爱的，我知道是错了，生不生气呢? don't angry or ，没有你我的生活好沦陷， don't angry or not?，i will give you all the money i ma，