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In all these cases IT alone will not provide a way forward. But any solution which is attempted without the IT discipline being involved is also likely to fail. Virtually all engineering, science, medicine and, now, many of the arts subjects depend on the use of IT for their development. The collaborations must, therefore, be multi-disciplinary. Transferring funds from IT departments to other departments on the grounds that IT is now common currency will produce solutions based on out-of-date technology, because of the rate of change in the technology of IT. All these research and development programmes will remain 'precompetitive'. In IT it is commonly accepted that the ratio of cost involved in research to that involved in product specification and development to that involved in product launch, documentation, maintenance and distribution is of the order of 1:10:100. The programmes being discussed will cover the T and the specification part of the '10'—say, another T . No product is produced. Challenge of research and development management in IT How should managers and administrators face up to the challenge of collaborative programmes between suppliers of technology and users of technology? The first point is to recognise the two different role models—user and supplier—in the programmes and define the objectives and functions of each. Each role should be progressed and reviewed according to these objectives and functions—which will be different for users compared to suppliers. When a programme is planned, it should keep the two roles separate, having clearly defined tasks and expectations for each, as well as having overall objectives for the whole programme. In fact 更多：https://www.bmcx.com/ , in the past, many programmes have involved users and suppliers of technology. But, generally, we have not recognised and monitored them as such and, in many cases, have had conflicting objectives and tasks as a result. The point here is that the user and supplier roles apply at all levels of the product and system structure in IT and not just to end users of large systems. Thus the semiconductor process designer is a user of basic physics. The IT subsystem designer is a user of semiconductors and other devices. The environmental scientist is a user of sensors and distributed process systems from the IT world. Air traffic control system designers are users of the software engineer and so on. In all programmes, whether international, such as ESPRIT, national, such as the UK Joint Framework for Information Technology, academic or industrial, the role of the user of the technology and his or her objectives and tasks must be documented and reviewed separately from that of the suppliers of technology—both IT and that from other disciplines. Further, the funding of such programmes should be provided only if such clear distinctions are made and maintained and only if there is proper progress in the objectives of each. In this way the maximum benefit of the technology of IT can be provided to the users of IT. In turn, the supplier will be stretched by the user Conclusions